What Caused The Downfall of Sparta? :: Ancient Greece Greek History

What Caused The Downfall of Sparta? Hypothesis: Sparta collapsed because they did not allow the helots to fight in battle The Beginning of Sparta In about 100 BCE, the Dorians invaded Greece from the North. During the Dark Ages, the Dorians made their way south, capturing the inhabitants of the lands they passed through as helots. At the beginning of the Dark Ages, it is thought that there were many Dorian settlements in Laconia, each with their own helot population. At some time during the Dark Ages, Sparta overtook these fellow Dorian settlements and their helot populations, as well as control of the whole of Laconia. The Spartans kept the helots as a huge, strong slave race and, although they did not enslave their fellow Dorians, the other Dorians were made perioci, meaning "those who live round about". The perioci were needed to be the craftsmen, tradesmen and manufacturers for the Spartans, who were trained as full time soldiers. At the end of the Dark Ages, there was nothing exceptional about Sparta (except her control of the helot population) but from about the middle of the 6th Century BCE, Sparta gradually turned away from the rest of Greece. They no longer welcomed visitors, cut their trade ties, stopped building ships and when the rest of Greece began using coins instead of iron spits, Sparta continued to use the spits. Sparta still had poetry and music, but instead of listening to new poems and songs, they learned only the compositions of the past, and new poets and musicians were not welcomed. Sparta still produced pottery and metal work for every-day use, but it was of poorer quality than the work of other cities. Spartans no longer participated in athletic festivals in other parts of Greece and the whole city became secretive and withdrawn, refusing to communicate with the rest of Greece. Education The Spartans were raised and educated to be perfectly obedient and obey the state without question. Spartan education had no interest with literature, intellectual or academic activities and did Spartans were not taught subjects like mathematics, science or geography. Even as babies, Spartiates were treated harshly - they were made to eat whatever food they were given, left alone, left alone in the dark, and it is probable that no attention was paid to babies when they cried. A Spartan Boy's education as a soldier began when the boy was about 7 or 8 years old. What Caused The Downfall of Sparta? :: Ancient Greece Greek History What Caused The Downfall of Sparta? Hypothesis: Sparta collapsed because they did not allow the helots to fight in battle The Beginning of Sparta In about 100 BCE, the Dorians invaded Greece from the North. During the Dark Ages, the Dorians made their way south, capturing the inhabitants of the lands they passed through as helots. At the beginning of the Dark Ages, it is thought that there were many Dorian settlements in Laconia, each with their own helot population. At some time during the Dark Ages, Sparta overtook these fellow Dorian settlements and their helot populations, as well as control of the whole of Laconia. The Spartans kept the helots as a huge, strong slave race and, although they did not enslave their fellow Dorians, the other Dorians were made perioci, meaning "those who live round about". The perioci were needed to be the craftsmen, tradesmen and manufacturers for the Spartans, who were trained as full time soldiers. At the end of the Dark Ages, there was nothing exceptional about Sparta (except her control of the helot population) but from about the middle of the 6th Century BCE, Sparta gradually turned away from the rest of Greece. They no longer welcomed visitors, cut their trade ties, stopped building ships and when the rest of Greece began using coins instead of iron spits, Sparta continued to use the spits. Sparta still had poetry and music, but instead of listening to new poems and songs, they learned only the compositions of the past, and new poets and musicians were not welcomed. Sparta still produced pottery and metal work for every-day use, but it was of poorer quality than the work of other cities. Spartans no longer participated in athletic festivals in other parts of Greece and the whole city became secretive and withdrawn, refusing to communicate with the rest of Greece. Education The Spartans were raised and educated to be perfectly obedient and obey the state without question. Spartan education had no interest with literature, intellectual or academic activities and did Spartans were not taught subjects like mathematics, science or geography. Even as babies, Spartiates were treated harshly - they were made to eat whatever food they were given, left alone, left alone in the dark, and it is probable that no attention was paid to babies when they cried. A Spartan Boy's education as a soldier began when the boy was about 7 or 8 years old.

Warren Court

Between 1953 and 1969, Earl Warren was the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Supreme Court decisions made during the â€Å"Warren Court† time period led to significant changes in different aspects of life in the United States. The Warren Court affected public schools, separation of church and state, and the rights of individuals accused of crime. The Warren Court affected public schools. The Brown v. Board of Education had a big part in the Warren Court. They decided to ban segregation in public schools. Therefore, more black children attended white schools.However, the Brown v. Board of Education decision did not abolish segregation in other public areas, such as restaurants and restrooms. The Warren Court affected prayer in public schools. Engel v. Vitale decision states that prayer is no longer allowed in public schools. John F Kennedy suggested a â€Å"remedy† to people who disagree with Engel vs. Vitale. He says to pray more at home and not in schoo l. However, prayer in public schools continued. Prayers are part of school activities from early morning moments of silence to lunchtime prayer sessions.The issue in this continuing debate is that people wanted to continue fighting religion in school. Lastly, the Miranda decision affected American society. It has increased public awareness of constitutional rights. More people now know their rights and what they are entitled to. Someone accused of a crime be informed of his or her constitutional rights prior to interrogation. This protected the rights of the accused. Therefore, the Warren Court greatly affected American society. The Warren Court affected public schools and desegregation, prayer in public schools and the rights of individuals accused of crime.

The Problem Of The Undocumented Immigrants - 1199 Words

On February 28th in 2000, Luis Alberto Jimenez an immigrant living in the U.S was coming back home from work when he was involved in an accident in which he was hit by a stolen vehicle near Palm Beaches Gardens in Florida. Jimenez was rushed to Martin Memorial Hospital Center, where he was attended to and stabilized, but this was after he had suffered acute brain damage and other injuries. Jimenez was speechless and immobile according to his cousin, Montejo Gasper, who was also his guardian. This tragic event started a major debate in the public where some others supporting the hospitals decision to repatriate undocumented and uninsured immigrants and others against the repatriation. Jimenez finally came out of his inactive state though many supported Martin Memorials decision to send him back to Guatemala, which was his home country. The main issue was the uncertainty that Jimenez would receive better care back in Guatemala. Many physicians realized that the repatriation could possi bly lead to his death. The main challenge of this article questions whether the undocumented immigrants have a right to health care. Many hospitals in America are repatriating seriously injured and ill immigrants simply because there are not enough nursing homes that are willing to accept them without any insurance (Sontag, 2009). The two court decisions in Florida still are unclear, because it doesn’t set standards for U.S hospitals repatriating undocumented immigrants to their home country. TheShow MoreRelatedWhat Do Undocumented Immigrants Really Hurt Our Economy?1745 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Do Undocumented Immigrants Actually Do To The Economy? As of recently, immigration has come to the forefront of political issues in the United States. There are two main sectors of immigration that our government highlights as problem areas: undocumented immigration and immigration from the Middle East. 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Francescas Style in Canto V of Dantes Inferno Essay

Francescas Style in Canto V of Dantes Inferno Canto V of Dantes Inferno begins and ends with confession. The frightening image of Minos who  «confesses » the damned sinners and then hurls them down to their eternal punishment contrasts with the almost familial image of Francesca and Dante, who confess to one another. In a real sense confession seems to be defective or inadequate in Hell. The huddled masses who declare their sins to Minos do so because they are compelled to declare or make manifest in speech the character of their offenses and although they confess everything (each soul  «tutta si confessa », v. 8) it is not an admission of guilt prompted by true contrition or the timely desire to reform their lives. In Hell†¦show more content†¦Dante structures the Commedia in such a way as to enable the pilgrim to function as a progressively more sophisticated reader of confessional texts throughout his journey, and as such he becomes a reflection of our own possibilities as interpreters of these canti. Our ini tial attempts at interpreting the equivocal texts provided by the sinners are fitful, inadequate, and constantly in need of later correction and reassessment, thus reflecting the pilgrims own progress. In the reading and re-reading, these confessional passages and canti define themselves as exercises in humility: as understanding becomes the product of a series of misreadings and revisions of the text. In the case of Francesca we have a confession that is more a literary rationale for her offense than an admission of individual culpability, for Francesca seeks to use the language of dolce stil novo poetry as a kind of cloaking device to hide herself as the historical agent or subject who bears responsibility for her

AHSC 20Assignment Essay - 5025 Words

Recreation and Leisure in Canada Assignment AHSC 242 Table of Contents Introduction..................................................................................................................................................3 Part 1: Understanding/Recognizing how free time is spent.........................................................................4 Trends and Patterns........................................................................................................................4 Work and Leisure Occurring Simultaneously.................................................................................4 Motivation of†¦show more content†¦This starts through determining how life altering events have affected our current leisure behaviour. The benefits we hope to gain from our leisure and our work become evident when we think about how we would fill the time if they were suddenly taken away. Family traditions are a good example of a way to find the routes of our feelings toward leisure (Hopp). Thinking about why we do not pursue leisure activities we have always wanted to reveals the personal attitudes, relationships and external factors that shape our leisure choices. Understanding leisure in your community starts by uncovering all leisure opportunities in a particular area. Looking closely at these leisure opportunities reveals an endless list of possible leisure spending whether directly from a leisure provider or indirectly facilitated (Hopp). Thinking about how having a disability, limited financial resources or being in a new place with a different language and climate would limit leisure opportunities shows the importance of providing leisure opportunities for people with such limitations. Part 1: Understanding/Recognizing how Free Time is spent This portion of the report is largely based on data I collected in a time diary (see appended materials). This diary contains all of my activity in half hour intervals over three days. In addition to a description of my activity, I recorded my mood during the time period and whether or not I

Human Capital and Incidence of Unemployment

Queston: Discuss about the Human Capital and Incidence of Unemployment. Answer: Introduction Many people accept as true the fact that IT offshore outsourcing is dangerous to the Australian economy because of the many high paying jobs subcontracted in other foreign countries. In addition, a good number believes that offshoring will increase because employees in other countries are able and willing to work for lesser. On the other hand, others believe that offshoring helps companies lessen labour costs and overall business operations as well as allowing businesses to concentrate on their core objectives while external workers are delegated the non-major business operations. Many business have considered outsourcing as a way to reduce production and operations costs and see it as a way of increasing their competitive advantage across the globe. A study by Garner (2004) predicted that about 345,000 jobs in America would be offshored annually between year 2010 and 2015. About 3.5 million jobs were also predicted to be offshored by 2015 (Ogloblin 2004). An article published by BPO Connect (2015) states that Australian corporations do outsourcing in order to get top talents from across the globe and to achieve business operational effectiveness and efficiency while at the same time maintaining and increasing quality. The purpose of this paper therefore is to investigate both sides of the argument offshore outsourcing, analyze facts and determine if really offshore outsourcing is dangerous to the profession and the economy and whether it should be severely restricted. Outsourcing is the process of obtaining business services outside an organization (Amiti Wei 2005). Outsourcing first started when Britain traded cotton from the United States of America early in the 1900s (Lauren 2011). Thereafter Britain decided to cultivate the cotton in other countries including China and India in order to save on costs and shipment expenses (Lauren 2011). Radical developments in the area of outsourcing occurred during industrial revolution with service areas including engineering, insurance, and architecture being among the few of the many industries that began to outsource (Lauren 2011). With time, outsourcing continued developing and brought cost effective measures of maintaining business operations as the low income generating countries got opportunity to improve on their skills and got more technical experience. Eventually, many companies globally including Australia believed that outsourcing presented a decent way of reducing business expenses. As time wen t by, offshore assistance took place. Offshore Outsourcing Offshore outsourcing refers to the process of contracting organizations or workforces to accomplish company jobs in a foreign country (Wise Geek 2017). The Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) classification comprises outsourcing a firm's information technology (IT) out of the country. The Internet has played a major part in subcontracting to other countries and also made it possible to lease freelance workforces from around the globe world, who accomplish tasks for pointedly low payments (Parliament of Australia 2007). Offshore outsourcing consequently delivers effective and cheap ways to acquire jobs completed. Australia reports of offshoring jobs to other countries to be increasingly progressing every other day (Parliament of Australia 2007). This reports are such as car parts manufacturing, engineering and information technology (IT), telecommunications and banking (Bamber 2012). A current estimate predicted that about 7100 banking jobs could be replaced by outsourcing in Aus tralia in a span of about two years. Some businesses are reported to be actually considering outsourcing their processes to countries including India, Malaysia and the Philippines. (Parliament of Australia 2007). Information Technology Offshore outsourcing is detrimental to the profession as employees fail to get a chance to technically grow and develop while the economy in question continues to fall. Opposition to information technology (IT) offshore outsourcing One of the many alarms with information technology (IT) offshore outsourcing is the loss of jobs. According to Buck (2015), there have been innumerable cases of high profile Australian businesses being disapproved publically for offshoring jobs such as the Iconic and Bonds. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, a number of mass layoffs that has occurred in the United States corporations can be linked to offshore outsourcing (Drezner 2005). The other big risk for a business is failure to cultivate knowledge and understanding within an organization (Weerdt 2006). When a business outsources core IT business operations, the business employees will lack a platform to gain valuable experience on their implementation (Ding 2014). Nowadays almost all business operations are being integrated with emerging and disruptive information technology (IT) technologies which robs the employees the full experience of working and maintain such knowledge even though only non-major operations are outsourced. This means that only a little percent of knowledge and skills is retained in a business. IT offshoring affects a contracting company economy as it cannot not grow steadily. One of the consequences of outsourcing is that it results in loss of revenues by local and central governments. This results to low tax receipts and reduced donations to Social Security and Medicare. Feil (2002) in an article published by ABC news states that, The big issue is the cost to the Australian economy of supporting our displaced workers. They have to live and our community has to help them. Those still working will pay more taxes for the Centre link payments to the unemployed, while the offshoring companies increase their profitability . It is extensively established that offshoring of low level causes interruption for distinct workers. This results in skills mismatch among workers services and businesses demands. Supplementary training for evacuated workers will be required to preserve new technologies. Another factor of offshoring IT is that it erodes leading in technical skills. Information technology (IT) is a field that largely deals with technical skills. Offshoring them therefore means that the domestic country loses to the delegated country on mastering them. According to a research done by New York State Department of Labor (2010), as offshoring becomes increasingly common, external corporations and employees are also becoming more technical oriented. This results to loss of home IT technical competences and the dependence on overseas sources poses a safety risk for the home country. Offshoring IT operations is sometimes uncertain states New York State Department of Labor research of (2010). Choosing good and capable foreign workers and partners is complicated because of unfamiliarity. In case a domestic chooses a wrong partner or worker to do their services, the firm will end up going through a loss which will off course affect even their finances through loss. Other times, contracted workers fail to deliver work on time which costs the business even more (Computer Aid Inc. 2004). This may mean that the business will have to start on scratch and may have to start the outsourcing procedure again with other workers and who knows, on maybe other expensive propositions. Support for information technology (IT) offshore outsourcing Firstly, proponents of IT offshore outsourcing claim that it enables businesses to save on overhead cost. Major companies offshore information technology (IT) in order to tap top IT talents from around the globe (BPO Connect 2017). The goal is to achieve operational efficiency while maintaining or increasing quality. According to William Buck a leading network of business advisors outsourcing allows access to new talent, a broader skill base, new technology and the added benefit of allowing your business to focus on its core business. But on the other hand, this robs home workers the opportunity to learn and grow as the business also develops. Secondly IT offshore outsourcing supporters claim that it provides flexibility.Through outsourcing, businesses are capable of enabling flexibility in performing to build a major business operations (Weerdt 2006). This is for the reason that, they are no longer tied up to front and backend office errands and are able to concentrate on key operations by outsourcing support functions outside the business. As a result, they are now able to find much more time for working on their core capabilities states BPO connect( 2017) . However on the other hand, home employees lack the opportunity to gain technical experience that is brought about by the IT technologies integrated with business operations. Another reason for offshoring information technology (IT)support is the low entry and running costs. Administering and maintaining outsourced business operations lowers business expenses (Park 2009). It also gives new business startups a better chance of surviving since they can outsource operations they are otherwise unable to perform in-house such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. In Addition, because the entry cost is low, so will be the risks involved, comparatively low. Nevertheless, companies may never know whether the outsourced operations will be successful or not. Sometimes they are conned by fake contractors and they lose the very amounts of money they are trying to save. Fourthly, IT offshore supporters say it provides access to technology. For medium and small Australian companies, outsourcing allows them to access information technology (IT) emerging technologies which they otherwise could not meet the expense of for themselves. Nevertheless, outsourcing can turn out to be expensive for business that realize later into the practice that they may need to add more money for their service to be completed (Overby 2003). Lastly, offshore outsourcing allows businesses to get nearer to potential customers and marketing prospects (Overby 2003).Several businesses discover that offshore outsourcing to offshore locations allows them to get closer to customers and be able to market their services and products overseas especially if they have branches in those countries. It also allows them to open up the firm to new business new business opportunities. Conclusion Offshore outsourcing of IT is dangerous to the profession and the economy and should be severely restricted. First, as stated in the paper it leads to loss of jobs for home IT graduates. It erodes information technology (IT) technical skills for home workers because they dont get to utilize them when they are otherwise being conducted in a foreign country. IT Offshore outsourcing robs the home workers the chance to develop IT experience which weakens the very industry they have trained for. When almost all business outsource IT operations, only a small percentage is left for home workers to acquire experience from. If companies continue offshoring IT skills, home economies will continue to lag while foreign economies will keep growing. IT courses may decline drastically in the universities since outsourcing outside the country will reduce available IT jobs. If countries that contracted foreign IT skills sourced them from within the country, then the information technology profession would grow tremendously and economies would keep growing thereby improving ensuring national productivity. IT workers would get to apply learned schools and get to develop technical skills in the IT industry. References Amiti, B, Wei, S, 2005, Service Offshoring, Productivity and Employment: Evidence from the United States, Working Paper, and International Monetary Fund Bamber, G, J, 2012, Business Spectator: Pros and cons in offshoring jobs, [Online], Available: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/business-spectator/pros-and-cons-in-offshoring-jobs/news-story/6b739876d1f500cf00e161aecc1c41da BPO Connect, 2015, Outsourcing in Australia: How Huge Has the BPO Industry Grown? [Online], Available: https://bpoconnect.com.au/outsourcing-australia-huge-bpo-industry-grown/ [Accessed April 23 2017]. Computer Aid Inc., 2004, The Challenges of Offshore Outsourcing: Understanding risks and hidden costs, [Online], Available: https://www.compaid.com/caiinternet/ezine/offshorerisks.pdf [Accessed April 22 2017]. Drezner, D, 2005, Essay: Offshore Outsourcing: Perceptions and Misperceptions, [Online], Available: https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/1-800-india/essay-offshore-outsourcing-perceptions-and-misperceptions/?p=71 [Accessed April 20 2017]. Ding, P, 2014, Offshore Outsourcing: Its Merits, Its Drawbacks, and Its Future, Business Administration, Colby-Sawyer College, [Online], Available: https://colby-sawyer.edu/assets/pdf/Offshore-Outsourcing.pdf [Accessed April 23 2017]. Feil, M, 2012, Offshoring is a threat to our jobs and livelihoods, [Online], Available: https://www.abc.net.au/news/martin-feil/33326 [Accessed April 22 2017]. Garner, A, 2004, Offshoring in the Service Sector: Economic Impact and Policy Issues Lauren, B, 2011, Argumentative Essay, [Online], Available: https://aillobre.blogspot.co.ke/p/argumentative-essay-final-copy.html [Accessed April 20 2017]. Overby, S, 2003, The Hidden Costs of Offshore Outsourcing: Moving IT work overseas can be a much more expensive proposition than you may think.[Online ], Available : https://www.cio.com/article/2442089/offshoring/the-hidden-costs-of-offshore-outsourcing.html [ Accessed April 22 2017]. Ogloblin, C, 2004, Global outsourcing of Human Capital and the incidence of unemployment in the United States Park, Y, 2009, Three essays on offshore outsourcing and labor markets, [Online], Available: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/64792/ejpark_1.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed April 22 2017. Parliament of Australia, 2007, The statistical evidence for offshore outsourcing and its impact on the Australian labour force, [online], Available: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP0708/08rp03 [Accessed April 22 2017]. New York State Department of Labor, 2010, The offshore outsourcing of information technology jobs in New York State, [Online], Available: https://www.labor.ny.gov/stats/PDFs/Offshore_Outsourcing_ITJobs_NYS.pdf [Accessed April 22 2017]. William, B, 2015, Will outsourcing be the big business trend of 2016? [Online], Available: https://therealcfo.com/outsourcing-big-business-trend-2016/ [Accessed April 20 2017]. Wise Geek, 2017, What is Offshore Outsourcing? [Online], Available: https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-offshore-outsourcing.htm [Accessed April 22 2017]. Weerdt, G, 2006, Analyzing the Debate over Offshore Outsourcing in the Service Industry: Is there a Reason for Concern? [Online], Available: https://business.uni.edu/economics/Themes/vanderweerdt.pdf [Accessed April 23 2017].

Middle Range Nursing Theories free essay sample

Health care provider need to be flexible in the design of programs, policies, and services to meet the needs and concerns of the culturally diverse population, groups that are likely to be encountered. 7. Most cases of lay illness have multiple causalities and may require several different approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and cure including folk and Western medical interventions. 8. The use of traditional or alternate models of health care delivery is widely varied and may come into conflict with Western models of health care practice. 9. Culture guides behavior into acceptable ways for the people in a specific group as such culture originates and develops within the social structure through inter personal interactions. 10. For a nurse to successfully provide care for a client of a different cultural or ethnic to background, effective intercultural communication must take place. 11. Every human culture has folk remedies, professional knowledge, and professional care practices that vary. The nurse must identify and address these factors consciously with each client in order to provide holistic and culturally congruent care. We will write a custom essay sample on Middle Range Nursing Theories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Cultural care values, beliefs, and practices are influenced by worldview and language, as well as religious, spiritual, social, political, educational, economic, technological, ethnohistorical, and environmental factors. 13. Beneficial, healthy, satisfying culturally based nursing care enhances the well-being of clients. 14. Culturally beneficial nursing care can only occur when cultural care values, expressions, or patterns are known and used appropriately and knowingly by the nurse providing care. 5. Clients who experience nursing care that fails to be reasonably congruent with the client’s cultural beliefs and values will show signs of stress, cultural conflict, noncompliance, and ethical moral concerns. Usefulness Leininger’s transcultural theory aims to foster understanding, respect and appreciation for the individuality and diversity of patient’s beliefs, values, spirituality and culture regarding illness, its meaning, cause, treatment, and outcome. Nurses are now gradually realizing the importance of cultural nursing and the need to understand cultures, especially Filipino nurses who are working overseas that are ever increasing in number. Nursing is in a new phase of health emphasis where there is an increased display of cultural identity, accompanied by increased demands for culture specific care and general health services. I believe that Filipino nurses are in demand abroad for being culturally open and caring regardless of their clients’ cultural orientation. The world is strongly multicultural and that e, as health personnel are anticipated to respond to our clients’ diverse cultural needs. Parsimony Theories should be relatively simple yet generalizable. Leininger’s theory is essentially parsimonious in that the necessary concepts are incorporated in such a manner that the theory and its model can be applied in many different settings (Basavanthappa, 2007). The theory and model are not simple in term s of being easily understood upon the first contact. However, Leininger’s presentations of her theory and model support the need for each of the concepts and demonstrate how the concepts are interrelated. Once the interrelationships are grasped, simplicity is more appartent (Basavanthappa, 2007). The theory is generalizable in such a way that the concepts presented are at a level of abstraction which allows them to be applied in many different situations. Value in extending nursing science Theories can be the bases for hypotheses that can be tested or for the theory to be expanded. During the development of the Culture Care Diversity and Universality theory, many studies have been conducted to demonstrate that the theory can be the basis for research. A number of these studies were presented for national transcultural conferences held from 1975 to 1978 (Basavanthappa, 2007). It is important to note that the theory is based upon, and calls for qualitative rather than quantitative research. B. Write/develop a term paper showing the integration of concepts you have learned in this course using your own middle range theory and definition of nursing. * *Please refer to the term paper submitted as hard copy sent by mail to the address indicated. Thank you and God bless! References: Transcultural Nursing, http://currentnursing. com, retrieved, April 25, 2012 Nursing Theory, Madeleine Leininger, http://nursing-theory. org, retrieved April 25, 2012 Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care, http://leiningertheory. blogspot. com, retrieved April 25, 2012 B. T. Basavanthappa (2007), Nursing Theories, JP Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, India, p. 257-260 Leininger M. (2002), Culture Care Theory: A Major Contribution to Advance Transcultural Nursing Knowledge and Practices, Journal of Transcultural Nursing, Vol. 13 No. 3, 189-192.a